document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); You have entered an incorrect email address! The oil-price boom, which began as a result of the high price of crude oil (the country's major revenue earner) in the world market in 1973, increased the federal government's ability to undertake these tasks. Decree #8 of 1967 (Decree No. Benue-Plateau state 7. Decree No. [9], Gowon is a Ngas (Angas) from Lur, a small village in the present Kanke Local Government Area of Plateau State. by TheCable 67 Comments. Yakubu Dan-Yumma Gowon is a retired Nigerian Army general and military leader who served as Nigeria's head of state from August 1, 1966, to July 29, 1975.In his regime as the third head of state.. A military decree in 1967 by General Yakubu Gowon saw these regions replaced by 12 states, and from then till 1970, the Eastern Region tried to break away as a nation called Biafra, which resulted in the Nigerian civil war. in the midst of major national crisis. Useful tips to impress her, Full Nigeria postal code list for all 36 states (table), How to check MTN data bonus balance and how to use it 2023, MTN Share and Sell activation and transfer guide in 2023, Vanessa Mdee's fianc Rotimi says women are stronger than men after witnessing wife give birth, Our Labour shall not be in vain": Olumide Oworu writes to the Obidient family ahead of states elections, Benue Enone National Assembly election: "I defeated Philip Agbese," Aida Nath heads to court, "Looks too much like mummy": Bambam and Teddy A finally unveil 2nd daughter's face as she turns 1. You can email the site owner to let them know you were blocked. [25] One controversial aspect of this move was Gowon's annexing of Port Harcourt, a large city in the Niger Delta, in the South of Nigeria (the Ikwerres and Ijaws), sitting on some of Nigeria's largest reserves, into the new Rivers State, emasculating the migrant Igbo population of traders there. He dissolved the regions there were and created twelve states out of them. Some non-Igbos living in the Eastern Region either refrained from offering active support to the Biafran struggle, or actively aided the federal side by enlisting in the Nigerian army and feeding it intelligence about Biafran military activities. They are given below: General Yakubu Gowon created 12 States in 1967. Due to the various tensions orchestrated by the different ethnic groups in the multi-ethnic state, Nigeria tethered on the verge of collapse by the mid-1960s and eventually lurched into a Civil War in 1966. Nigeria was granted full independence in October 1960, as a federation of three regions (northern, western, and eastern) under a constitution that provided for a parliamentary form of government. COUNTRYMEN, as you are all aware Nigeria has been immersed in an extremely grave crisis for almost eighteen months. seven additional states . Gowon, through a broadcast in 1967, announced the creation of 12 states; which are, North-Western, North-Eastern, Kano and North-Central states. Federation was later divided into 12 states in May 1967. Gregory Crewdson Works, [35] Unfortunately, some of these efforts never left the drawing board. Olly Murs Brother, In 1963, a new region, the Mid-Western Region, was created from the Western Region. Bob Gale Net Worth, Johnson Thomas Umunnakwe Aguiyi-Ironsi MVO, MBE (3 March 1924 29 July 1966) was the first Military Head of State of Nigeria. This is why the item in the political and administrative programme adopted by the Supreme Military Council last month is the creation of states as a basis for stability. Going Solo Essay, Dear Country men: As you are all aware Nigeria has been immersed in an extremely grave. But 50 years ago, the idea of creating states, just like the National Youth Service Scheme which was created by the same General Yakubu Gowon on May 22, 1973, was not a popular decision. Ce dernier est tu en juillet lors d'un contrecoup nordiste qui porte Yakubu Gowon au pouvoir. Guerre du Biafra. The status of the region was changed to a state on 27 May 1967, and the state was renamed Bendel State on 17 March 1976. The creation of states began in the year 1967 with General Yakubu Gowon coming to power via a coup dtat. How many biogeographical classification of India? gallina nostrana in umido. The truth is, 042 was actually just a number. The capital of Anambra is Awka. However, problems such as poor health facilities, high levels of crime, unemployment, and corruption continue to be pressing issues in the country's economy. But 50 years ago, the idea of creating states, just like the National Youth Service Scheme which was created by the same General Yakubu Gowon on May 22, 1973, was not a popular decision. Africa and Africans were mentioned more than 1 417 times in the entire Bible. In 1967, the regions were replaced by 12 states by . And with the recommendations of the National Constitutional Conference(NCC) on the need to create more States, the dreaded General created six more states, on 1st October 1996, to the existing thirty. journalist Flora Shaw This brought the total to 19 states. Yakubu Gowon 3 presidente de Nigeria 1 de agosto de 1966 - 29 de julio de 1975 Predecesor Johnson Aguiyi Ironsi Sucesor Wikipedia Espaol. The twelves states took over the four provinces that were available. . Gowon was deposed in a coup on 29 July 1975, replaced by General Murtala Muhammed . In 1963 the fourth region; Mid Western Region was created from Western region. We provide you with the latest breaking news and videos . of Yakubu Gowon in 1967. [27], Minority ethnicities of the Eastern Region were rather not sanguine about the prospect of secession,[28] as it would mean living in what they felt would be an Igbo-dominated nation. Here is a list of the first twelve states that were created by the then military head of states, Gen. Yakubu Gowon. What does a Grade 3 heart murmur mean in cats? hindered the transit of goods to neighbouring countries and have even seized goods belonging to foreign countries. Gowon's influence depended upon his position as chairman of the Supreme Military Council, which had come into existence in March 1967. What are the 12 states created by General Gowon in 1967? Koenigsegg Ccx Price Uk, There was significant support for the coup plotters from both the Eastern Region as well as the mostly left-wing "Lagos-Ibadan" press. Click to reveal (bud ) noun. The 13 original states were New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. Ibrahim Babagida created nine states on August 27, 1991. Listen To 820 Am Online, This was done in October 1996, bringing the total to the current 36 states. Seven new states were . Abuja in British English Following an official demand for an apology by the Nigerian government, the Foreign Office later disassociated itself from the comment stating that, the said comment of the MP does not reflect the views of Her Majestys Government and the British Government has no mechanism for controlling the actions and speeches of members of the Parliament. Its traumatic effects, evident in persistent ethnic animosities and distrust, continues to shape the narrative of . 45 of 1968 . Sani Abacha Government created six new states on October 1, 1996 making a total of 36 states. If it were possible for us to avoid chaos and civil war merely by drifting apart as some people claim that easy choice may have been taken. City Of Angels Score, [39], On 1 October 1974, in flagrant contradiction to his earlier promises, Gowon declared that Nigeria would not be ready for civilian rule by 1976, and he announced that the handover date would be postponed indefinitely. [44], These scandals provoked serious discontent within the army. [14] In the course of this coup, mostly northern and western leaders were killed, including Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, Nigeria's Prime Minister; Sir Ahmadu Bello, Sardauna of Sokoto and Premier of the Northern Region; and Samuel Akintola, Premier of the Western Region, Lt Col Arthur Unegbe and so many more. I have ordered the re-imposition of the economic measures designed to safeguard federal interests until such a time as the Eastern Military Government abrogates its illegal edicts on revenue collection and the administration of the Federal Statutory Corporations based in the East. Former military Head of State, Gen. Yakubu Gowon (rtd) has explained why he had to use military force to bring the Nigerian civil war of 1967 to an end. Colonel[19] upon his ascendancy to the top of the new Federal military government of Nigeria on August 1, 1966 however other senior military officers such as Commodore Joseph Wey, Brigadier Babafemi Ogundipe, and Colonel Robert Adebayo were a part of the government and their military seniority to Gowon was awkward. CTRL + SPACE for auto-complete. Federal Territory of Lagos and Colony Province. Then, between 1967 and 1975, General Yakubu Gowon created the first 12 states in Nigeria. Check your inbox to be the first to know the hottest news. Who divided Nigeria into 12 states? Guitar Center, The world will recognise in these proposals our desire for justice and fair play for all sections of this country and to accommodate all genuine aspirations of the diverse people of this great country. 23rd of sept, 1987 gen ibrahim badamosi babaginda added 2 more states making the number of states to get to 21. The coup of 1966 and the subsequent military take over of leadership saw the end of all regional government. Yakubu Dan-Yumma 'Jack' Gowon GCFR (born 19 October 1934) is a retired Nigerian Army general and military leader. [45], Gowon subsequently went into exile in the United Kingdom, where he acquired a Ph.D. in political science as a student at the University of Warwick. Other groups in the area include the Bassa, Gwandara, Gade, Dibo, Nupe and Koro. The panels recommendation for the setting up of the new Federal Capital City at Abuja was accepted and the Federal Government then promulgated Decree number 6 of 1976 which created the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Abuja. On 29 July 1975, while Gowon was attending an OAU summit in Kampala, a group of officers led by Colonel Joe Nanven Garba announced his overthrow. In May 1967 he reorganized the four regions in twelve states, appointing a military governor for each state. In an effort to foster healing and reconciliation, Gowon presided over the contentious Nigerian Civil War, which took place between July 6, 1967, and January 15, 1970, and gave the popular "no . All these states was created by the military government which had no constitution over nigerians,. In May 1967 he reorganized the four regions in twelve states, appointing a military governor for each state. List of Nigerian states by date of statehood. In 1967, Yakubu Gowon created it as a state with the capital at LAGOS ISLAND. Furthermore, households in Nigeria are not only poor; they also face significant disparities in assets (such as education and health), control over public resources, and access to essential services, as well as widespread insecurity. Media Nigeria is your news, entertainment, music fashion website. Consuelo Vanderbilt Winston Churchill, In 1993 when General Sani Abacha came into power, the government was under immense pressure to create additional states. 1976 saw the creation of 7 states by General Murtala Mohammed. What are the 12 states created by General Yakubu Gowon? Hotel Plaza Futuroscope, READ ALSO: What are the 10 economic problems that Nigeria is facing? Allison Janney Philip Joncas, [citation needed], Gowon promoted himself twice as Nigerian Head of State. There are several actions that could trigger this block including submitting a certain word or phrase, a SQL command or malformed data. And the demand for more has persisted. [15] The subsequent failure by Major General Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi (who was the head of state following the January 1966 coup-with Gowon his Chief of Staff) to meet Northern demands for the prosecution of the coup plotters further inflamed Northern anger. [34] The next day Obasanjo announced the situation on the former rebel radio station Radio Biafra Enugu. What happened in the year 1967 in Nigeria? Prior to Gowon's ascension to power, Aguiyi Ironsi was Nigeria's first military Head of State but following his assassination in July 1966, Gowon became the new military ruler of the country. The name Nigeria was replaced and preserved up until today. Here is a list of the first twelve states that were created by the then military head of states, Gen. Yakubu Gowon, List Of States Created By Gen. Murtala Mohammed, List Of States Created By Gen. Ibrahim Babangida, List Of States Created By Gen. Sani Abacha. It was created in 1991 from the eastern two-thirds of Anambra state. Flashing Lights Mods, In 1976, seven new states were created, making 19 altogether. Notify me of follow-up comments by email. How many states were created in Nigeria in 1967 and by who? [29], On 30 May 1967, Ojukwu responded to Gowon's announcement by declaring the formal secession of the Eastern Region, which was now to be known as the Republic of Biafra. It is also my hope that the nee to use force to support any new state will not arise. Yobe State Was Created on 27 August 1991, From Borno . The UK parliament while addressing the need to curb corrupt practices of leaders in Nigeria, including the usual act of doing away with the nation's wealth and storing them in overseas countries, accused General Yakubu Gowon of carting away half of the Central bank. Gowon came out of the war and in a famous speech, promised the 3Rs of reconciliation, reconstruction and rehabilitation. Yakubu Dan-Yumma 'Jack' Gowon[1] GCFR (born 19 October 1934) is a retired Nigerian Army general and military leader. I am therefore proclaiming a State of Emergency throughout Nigeria with immediate effect. [3] Up until then, Gowon remained strictly a career soldier with no involvement whatsoever in politics, until the tumultuous events of the year suddenly thrust him into a leadership role, when his unusual background as a Northerner who was neither of Hausa nor Fulani ancestry nor of the Islamic faith made him a particularly safe choice to lead a nation whose population was seething with ethnic tension. History of State Creations In Nigeria From 1967 Till Date. Rivers The creation of states began in the year 1967 with General Yakubu Gowon coming to power via a coup d'tat. Gowon rightly calculated that the eastern minorities would not actively support the Igbos, given the prospect of having their own states if the secession effort were defeated. Netflix Cancel, He served a term as Churchwarden in his parish church, St Mary the Virgin, Monken Hadley. what are the 12 states created by general gowon in 1967, , , , . Even Chance Event, From 1967 to 1970 the Eastern Region attempted to secede, as a nation called Biafra during the Nigerian civil war. It should be recalled that at this time Nigeria is still practicing regionalism and Lt. Thomas Jones known famously as Tom Jones was a wealthy Lagosian. [38] This decree provided windfall gains to several well-connected Nigerians but proved highly detrimental to non-oil investment in the Nigerian economy. Bendel State was divided into Delta State and Edo State on 27 August 1991. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); You have entered an incorrect email address! General Yakubu Gowon created Nigeria's first 12 states in 1967. Playboi Carti Net Worth, The 1947 Richard Constitution politically splited the Nigeria State into Three regions; Eastern, Northern and Western regions with each having her freedom of governance. During this time (1967), 12 states were created from the former Regions. In 1991 a re-organisation divided Anambra into two states, Anambra and Enugu. In 1963, a new region, the Mid-Western Region, was created from the Western Region. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. There were also provinces which served as a legacy of colonial rule. As a result of the coup tribunal findings, Gowon was declared wanted by the Nigerian government, stripped of his rank in absentia , and had his pension cut off. Copyright 2023 Fdotstokes.com Powered by Customify. This must be done first so as to remove the fear of domination. General Gowon at 87. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. Vauxhall Crossland, Who created the first 12 states in Nigeria? The Subterraneans Read Online, The Nigerian Civil war actually started with the creation of 12 states in Nigeria on may 27, 1967 by Gowon the then Head of State. Print This Article. The last state creation exercise was by Gen. Sani Abacha in 1996. Its name was changed to Cross River State in the 1976 state creation exercise by the then General Murtala Mohammed regime from South Eastern State. Download Vanguard News App. Kia K900 V8, Gowon was born in what is now Plateau state, in the middle belt of Nigeria; his father was an early convert to Christianity. Western state 8. Akpan serving as Secretary to the Government, Lt. Col (later Major-General) Philip Effiong, serving as Biafra's Chief of Defence Staff and others like Chiefs Bassey and Graham-Douglas serving in other significant roles. Nigeria is a federation comprising one federal capital territory (FCT) and 36 states. PAY ATTENTION: Share your outstanding story with our editors! General Yakubu Gowon assumed power on 1 August 1966 in a coup that deposed General Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi . crisis for almost eighteen months. He spoke yesterday in Jos the Plateau . Answer (1 of 2): the 12 states created by Yakubu Gowon "Nigeria State from 1967 to 1976 are as follow 1. critical phase where what is at stake is the very survival of Nigeria. anniversary of the first State creation exercise embarked by the then Federal Military Government under young General Yakubu Gowon on the 27 May 1967. Cross Rivers 11. General Yakubu Gowon assumed power on 1 August 1966 in a coup that deposed General Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi. In 1976, the total number of States in Nigeria became 19 by the addition of 7 more States. Road To Gundagai Lyrics And Chords, Taraba State Was Created on 27 August 1991, From Gongola State by Gen. Ibrahim Babangida. On February 3, 1976, the Military Government of Murtala Muhammed created new states and renamed others, the states he created include: Bauchi, Benue, Borno, Imo, Niger, Ogun, and Ondo. Between 1967 and 1970, the former Eastern Region attempted to secede from the rest of Nigeria, resulting in the infamous Biafran Civil War. In 1987, two more states (Akwa Ibom and Katsina) were created, bringing the total to 21. At school, Gowon proved to be a very good athlete: he was the school football goalkeeper, pole vaulter, and long-distance runner. These six states were all formed on the 27th of September, 1967. the federal capital of Nigeria Gowon's broadcast to the nation - May 27, 1967. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. Deducing from the dates of creation of states in the country, Cross River, Lagos, Kaduna, Kano, Kwara and Rivers states respectively are the oldest states in Nigeria. Please reach us through info@corp.legit.ng! In addition to this, Gen. Gowon's administration's policy of giving 20 pounds to Biafrans who had a bank account in Nigeria before the war, regardless of how much money had been in their account, was criticised by foreign and local aid workers, as this led to an unprecedented scale of begging, looting and robbery in the former Biafran areas after the war. In 1967 12 States were formed by replacing already existing regions. His name was Lt Col (later General)Yakubu Gowon. There are two stories of the creation of Eve and Adam. Peyton Manning Broncos Contract, A fourth Region -Mid west region was created after the plebiscite on August 8, 1963 by an act of parliament; with the capital at Benin - City. Lucy Spraggan Choices Release Date, The indigenous inhabitants of Abuja are the Gbagyi (Gwari), with the Gbagyi language formerly being the major language of the region. In fact the 12 states were created by General Gowon just as we were about to start a civil war, i.e. [40] Furthermore, because of the growth in bureaucracy, there were allegations of rise in corruption. On 45 January 1967, in line with Ojukwu's demand to meet for talks only on neutral soil, a summit attended by Gowon, Ojukwu and other members of the Supreme Military Council was held at Aburi in Ghana, the stated purpose of which was to resolve all outstanding conflicts and establish Nigeria as a confederation of regions. During his rule, the Nigerian government successfully prevented Biafran secession during the 196770 Nigerian Civil War. [5], An Anglican Christian[6] from a minority Ngas family of Northern Nigeria, Gowon is a Nigerian nationalist,[7] and a believer in the unity and oneness of Nigeria. He was trained in Ghana and in . My duty is to all citizens. [3] The non-Igbo South-Eastern and Rivers states which had the oil reserves and access to the sea, were carved out to isolate the Igbo areas as East-Central state. How many regions did Nigeria have in 1960? Gowon was himself removed in a military coup in 1975. As Head of State of Nigeria, Gowon presided over a controversial Nigerian Civil War and delivered the famous "no victor, no vanquished" speech at the war's end in an effort to promote . According to Dimka's "confession",[47] he met with Gowon in London and obtained support from him for the coup. Performance & security by Cloudflare. The then Lieutenant Colonel Gowon returned from his course at the Joint Staff College, Latimer UK two days before the coup a late arrival that possibly exempted him from the plotters hit list. On February 1, 1966, Gowon became the Military Head of State of Nigeria after the death of former military head of state, General J. T. U. Aguiyi Ironsi. Font size: Gen. Yakubu Gowon (rtd), Former military Head of State. He broke the school mile record in his first year. General Yakubu Gowon, the leader of the federal government, refused to . Abia State was created on the 27th of August in the year 1991 during the government of General Ibrahim Babangida. Do NOT follow this link or you will be banned from the site. GENERAL,YAKUBU GOWON CREATED 12 STATES IN NIGERIA ON 27TH MAY 1967. The coup plotters appointed Brigadier Murtala Muhammed as head of the new government, and Brigadier Olusegun Obasanjo as his deputy. PDF | On Apr 15, 2020, Ejitu N. Ota and others published CREATION OF STATES IN NIGERIA, 1967-1996: DECONSTRUCTING THE HISTORY AND POLITICS | Find, read and cite all the research you need on . North-Western State. In a move to check the influence of Ojukwus government in the East, Gowon announced on 5 May 1967 the division of the 3 Nigerian regions into 12 states: North-Western State, North-Eastern state, Kano State, North-Central State, Benue-Plateau State, Kwara State, Western State, Lagos State, Mid-Western State, and, from . [20], In anticipation of eastern secession, Gowon moved quickly to weaken the support base of the region by decreeing the creation of twelve new states to replace the four regions. Explanation. For 1967 after Gowon give order to divide Nigeria into 12 states and comot Port Harcourt and make am part of di new Rivers State, on 30 May 1967, Lt.Col Odumegwu Ojukwu respond to Gowon say im and . On February 27, 1967, Gowon divided the four regions of Nigeria into twelve states and declared a state of emergency in a final attempt to resolve the ethnic tensions in the land. In 1963, a new region was created, bringing the total to four. Region Government. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. . Kaduna State. The Golden Notebook Quotes, It was nothing but Enugus telephone code before it became a trend word and a fashionable synonym for the name of the city. What are the 12 states created by General Gowon in 1967? Qpr 2010 11 Kit, Nigeria has a GDP per capita of $5,900 as of 2017, while in United Kingdom, the GDP per capita is $44,300 as of 2017. Muhammed announces that new natl capital will be established in center of country and that 7 new states will be created, making total of 19; says aim of new divisions is to bring Govt nearer to . Thanks for the useful answer It has really helped me a lot right now. [11], Gowon joined the Nigerian Army in 1954, and received his commission as a second lieutenant on 19 October 1955, his 21st birthday. East Central state 10. . The council included top-ranking staff officers, service and police heads, state military governors, and the civilian administrator of the East Central State. The State is located in the south-eastern part of Nigerian. vulcani attivi definizione Kano State comprising the present Kano Province. List Of States In Nigeria And Their Date Of Creation, List Of Ministries, Agencies and Parastatals In Nigeria By State, What People Are Called By Their Nationalities. There were 7 additional states created in 1976, bringing the total to 19. On August 27, 1991, the number of states in Nigeria increased to thirty as General Babangida thought it fit to create another nine states, bringing the total to 30. Its attempts to repudiate the cement contracts and impose an emergency embargo on all inbound shipping tied up the country in litigation around the world for many years, including a 1983 decision of the U.S. Supreme Court. D12 Songs, 32, | : 011/3231-487 , 011/3220-197, 011/3220-626 | : 011/3244-975 | office@sapens.rs | www.sapens.rs. Federal Territory of Lagos and Colony Province. Which states in Nigeria were created in 1996? The Military and Police are empowered to deal summarily with any offenders. During this period, there were 21 states and the Federal Capital Territory. He took power after one military coup dtat and was overthrown in another. Betweeen 1987-1991 the total number of States in Nigeria became 21 including the Federal Capital Territory (Abuja). [10] Gowon was the fifth of eleven children. Mannequin Head, [citation needed], Then came Aguyi Ironsi's Decree Number 34, which proposed the abolition of the federal system of government in favor of a unitary state, a position which had long been championed by some Southerners-especially by a major section of the Igbo-dominated National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroon (NCNC)[16] This was perhaps wrongly interpreted by Northerners as a Southern (particularly Igbo) attempt at a takeover of all levers of power in the country. A further state creation exercise by the then regime of General Ibrahim Babangida on 27th August 1991 divided Anambra into two states, Anambra and Enugu. May 22, 1973, NigeriaNational Youth Service Corps / Founded, Taiwo AkinkunmiFlag of Nigeria / Designed by. The North lagged badly behind the Western and Eastern regions in terms of education (partially due to Islamic doctrine-informed resistance to western cultural and social ethos), while the mostly-Igbo Easterners were already present in the federal civil service. Gowon has steadfastly denied those claims, along with claims that his army committed atrocities such as rape, wholesale executions of civilian populations and extensive looting in occupied areas; however, one of his wartime commanders, Benjamin Adekunle seems to give some credence to these claims in his book, while excusing them as unfortunate by-products of war. A Nigerian newspaper and Online version of the Vanguard, a daily publication in Nigeria covering Nigeria news, Niger delta, general national news, politics, business, energy, sports, entertainment, fashion,lifestyle human interest stories, etc. The new region was known as the Mid-Western Region and was created from the Western Region. As Governor of Lagos, his administration supervised the unpopular demolition of Ajele Cemetery in the early 1970s. Yakubu Gowon, also called Jack Gowon, (born October 19, 1934, Pankshin, Nigeria), Nigerian military leader who served as head of state (1966-75). He seized power in 1966, ousting the leader of an earlier military coup. What was its name before Nigeria? [50], After earning his doctorate at the University of Warwick, Gowon became a professor of political science at the University of Jos in the mid-1980s. A further state creation exercise by the then regime of General Ibrahim Babangida on 27th August 1991 divided Anambra into two states, Anambra and Enugu. In accepting Biafra's unconditional cease-fire, Gowon declared that there would be no victor and no vanquished. How many state did Murtala Muhammed created? Suleja "[41], The corruption in Gowon's administration culminated in the notorious "cement armada"[42] affair in the summer of 1975, when the port of Lagos became jammed with hundreds of ships trying to unload cement. June 14, 2022; salem witch trials podcast lore