Giving people the right to buy their council houses and shares in previously nationalised firms such as British Telecom and British Gas were among the initiatives that won her much support. But in order to pay for the revenue loss, she raised the Value Added Tax -- the UK's equivalent to the sales tax, according to a 1990 report from a resident scholar at The Heritage Foundation, a conservative think tank. But, sadly, they backfired. Its headline stated "Zheleznaya Dama Ugrozhayet," which Evans translated as Iron Lady Wields Threats. It was a Saturday. Big Bang moved them at a stroke from that to screen-based and telephone trading. Over the pond in America soft-serve ice cream had been on sale since the 1930's. Bishop of London's claim during funeral address, like everything else about former PM, is subject of controversy, Original reporting and incisive analysis, direct from the Guardian every morning, Margaret Thatcher's involvement in Mr Whippy ice-cream's invention is a 'frozen-dessert origin myth', says the New Yorker. Margaret Thatcher became one of the world's most influential and respected political leaders, as well as one of the most controversial, dynamic, and plain-spoken, a reference point for friends and enemies alike. However, he felt compelled to help and took the letter to the local Rotary Club. Britons were less favorable to Thatcher when she was in power. In her first budget proposal, Thatcher slashed income taxes. For further details of our complaints policy and to make a complaint please click here. Yes. Featured image via Wikipedia . Our site is an advertising supported site. The problem comes when you consider that soft-serve had been popular in the US for around a decade before Thatcher started her work at J. Lyons & Co. That silence speaks volumes for the lasting legacy that her reforms had on the power of the movement. The Bank of England did not control the expansion of credit and there are those who see the roots of the current financial crisis in the credit boom of the Thatcher years. Mrs. Thatcher, then Margaret Hilda Roberts, studied chemistry at the University of Oxford, and after graduating went to work as a chemist at J. Lyons, a British restaurant chain that also sold its own lines of food and, for a while, some of the worlds first business computers. Whatever she did, it wouldnt be very important because it was a junior job, Mr. Moore said, adding that she had already decided she would become a politician. Of the soft-serve claim, he added: Ive never been able to establish that its definitely true., An article on Mrs. Thatchers scientific career in Notes and Records of the Royal Society, a history-of-science journal, suggests the idea of her inventing soft-serve appealed to British left circles, who thought it fitting that a future free-market prime minister should have been involved in a product that added air, lowered quality and raised profits.. One of the first privatisations and arguably the most memorable - through a celebrated advertising campaign - was the sell-off of shares in British Gas in 1986. Why Alex Murdaugh was spared the death penalty, Why Trudeau is facing calls for a public inquiry, The shocking legacy of the Dutch 'Hunger Winter'. During her years as prime minister, Margaret Thatcher revolutionised the economic fortunes of every person in the UK. This had fallen to 20% by the end of the Thatcher term in 1990. She was the first female British prime minister and the longest-serving British prime minister of the . Margaret Thatcher, Ice Cream Pioneer, Is Nominated as Face of 50 Note - The New York Times Margaret Thatcher, Ice Cream Pioneer, Is Nominated as Face of 50 Note Margaret. The discovery would become "soft scoop," as it is known in England. At the former presidents request, she gave a eulogy at Reagans state funeral via a prerecorded video. The promotions and publicity got out of hand. Albert Roberts ran a grocery/tobacco shop and the family had neither the time nor the money to permanently take in Edith, who was then 17. The poll tax was supposed to make local council finance more accountable but instead it brought about civil disobedience and riots not seen in this country for years. Long before she became prime minister of the United Kingdom, a young Margaret Thatcher was a chemist for the food manufacturer J. Lyons and Company and studied ways to cheapen the icy treat. As she spoke out against the Labour government, which was in power from 1964 to 1970, Thatcher sharpened her wit and developed a rather caustic public persona. Building societies were allowed to lend more and foreign banks set up in the UK to compete. After the interview, Thatcher and her husband abruptly left the studio. That was the thinking behind the launch of personal pensions in 1988. Furthermore, the history of the British soft-serve industry in particular does not reinforce the notion that the soft-serve technology developed by J. Lyons & Company, much less by Thatcher, laid the groundwork for Mr. Whippys cones. Thatcher was guest of honour at the 1988 Scottish Cup final between Celtic and Dundee Utd when the whole of Hampden Park showed her red cards and chanted against her and the forthcoming tax. On the world stage, she was renowned for her close friendship with Ronald Reagan, and for standing up to the Soviet Union. The poll tax (or community charge) was supposed to make local council . REPUBLIC. In 1979 there were more than 29 million working days lost to strike action. It was the most brutal twist in the conflic Another one of Thatcher's longtime alliances was more controversial. We pay for your stories and videos! Ad Choices, Margaret Thatcher was Britain's first female prime minister and, almost as important, helped invent soft-serve ice cream, I Am Begging More Restaurants to Serve Big Hunks of Cheese as the Main Course, These CheesyGreenPea Fritters Are Delightfully Cheap, Eleven Madison Park Launches a Soup Box for the Low, Low Price of $117. When soft-serve arrived in the UK, J Lyons was indeed at the forefront but it had teamed up with the US ice-cream behemoth Mister Softee and operated franchises under that name. After World War II, the UK had amassed a vast portfolio of government-owned companies in the energy, manufacturing, telecommunications, and transportation sectors. The recession of the early 1980s created the environment that allowed the Conservatives to drive forward the idea of moving nationalised industries into private ownership. When Thatcher died in 2013, there was an odd idea tossed out almost nonchalantly at her funeral. But some believe that other changes, such as those that made mortgages and credit much easier to get, sowed the seeds of future crises that still affect many to this day. The idea of European unity is a grand concept, she told Les Grandes Conferences Catholiques. the Iron Lady may not have been solely responsible but in the 1950's before running the country she worked in a lab where soft serve ice cream was perfected! Sam Dean, blogging for Bon Apptit about the Thatcher-soft-serve connection, suggests that this early soft-serve was more like proto-soft-serve, since it wasnt the fluffy, creamy stuff youd expect to get from a Mr. Softee today. This raises an intriguing ontological questionif ice cream is soft, and looks like soft-serve, is it, in fact, soft-serve?but also raises further red flags about Thatchers bona fides, condemning her, at best, to be a lesser figure in the sort of Talmudic quarrels that have characterized disputes about the origins of the hamburger and other iconic foods. The two were staunch allies and friends. One of the nominees? To revisit this article, select My Account, thenView saved stories, To revisit this article, visit My Profile, then View saved stories, Meryl Streep, left, as the Iron Lady, in "The Iron Lady"; and the real Margaret Thatcher (Credit: Path / Wikimedia Commons). The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites. It was enshrined in the Housing Act of 1980, making it one of her first major pieces of legislation after she came to office in 1979. VideoRussian minister laughed at for Ukraine war claims, The children left behind in Cuba's mass exodus, Snow, Fire and Lights: Photos of the Week. Essential reporting and analysis from correspondents around the world. The Chancellor, Geoffrey Howe, raised travel allowances to 1,000 per trip and permitted overseas property purchases of up to 100,000. In January of 1976, she gave a speech decrying what she saw as complacency in the face of Soviet military build-up. Can Nigeria's election result be overturned? Tillyer has serious doubts about the Thatcher myth. Before entering politics, Thatcher was an Oxford-trained chemist, and in the 1950s worked the lab where soft-serve ice cream was perfected. And sheput it to use first in work at a glue factory, and then with a research job at food manufacturer J. Lyons and Company, a "foodstuff conglomerate" in Hammersmith. On January 15 1990 those warrants were issued by Strathclyde Regional Council - then the countrys largest local authority - and anyone who ignored them suffered the humiliation of a warrant sale in their own home. However, college associates recommended her as a possible parliamentary candidate to the Dartford Conservative Association. But the cause of unity is surely not advanced by hundreds of petty internal regulations, such as on the content of ice cream or the activities of doorstep salesmen., Update:Daniel Fromson,writing at NewYorker.com, looks into the history of Thatcher's role in the development of soft serve, arguing that the story "resides somewhere in the hazy borderlands between simplification and legend.". Her degree was awarded in 1947, the research job came not long after, and she was presently introduced to Denis Thatcher and persuaded to change careers. The year-long dispute over pit closures led to repeated scenes of violence as striking miners clashed with police. Mr. Moore, the biographer, said the time was not yet ripe for Mrs. Thatcher to appear on a bank note. According to a 1983 article in the New Scientist, Thatcher originally trained as a chemist andworked on a research team for food manufacturer J. Lyons & Co., looking for ways to stabilize a cheaper, airier ice cream. Thatcher was a food research scientist at J Lyons but, as a Royal Society article noted in May 2011, the details of her work there are sketchy. The tax, known as the Community Charge, had been introduced in Scotland on April 1, 1989, to replace domestic rates, which had been based on the rentable value of your house and not your ability to pay. To fund lower taxes on incomes, up went tax on most things shoppers bought. They suggest that it was started by the British left, who could think of no metaphor more appropriate than soft-serve ice cream to point out all that they thought was wrong with Thatchers politics. VAT, or value added tax, jumped from 8% to 15%. It's not the usual epithet for British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, who's generally remembered by . Even better, the resulting product could be dispensed by a machine rather than scooped by hand. I had incurred the maximum of political odium for the minimum of political benefit., After the Labour party retook power in 1974, Thatcher was elected leader of the Conservative Party. With little else to report on, Evans wrote a small article about how the Soviets perceived this rebuke from a British politician. In March 1989, 50,000 people from all sections of the working class and from across Scotland marched in the centre of Glasgow. According to a brief published by the Royal Society two years before Thatchers death, the myth and the association might have had some strange political roots. While beating the country into submission, his regime murdered at least 2279 people and tortured another 27,255. But while it made dealing and investing easier, it also paved the way for the creation of giant financial institutions, whose size has meant their health is critical to the wellbeing of the general economy. All Rights Reserved. All rights reserved. How world's 'strongest' dog Wendy had 'double muscle' mutation that gave her 24-pack & made her twice as big as normal, Rikki Neave's 'teen killer stripped and manipulated six-year-old's body to create image of death', Boris Johnson told 'in the name of God, GO' by top Tory David Davis in bruising PMQs, Bill Clinton and Epstein were like brothers and loved being around Prince Andrew, says royals ex Lady Hervey, I was horrifically attacked by evil boyfriend who hid his violent past - he's a monster, Ashling Murphy Second man arrested over murder of school teacher killed as she jogged along canal, Meet 12 of Britain's most wanted fugitives thought to be hiding in Spain - including drive-by suspect & 'drug kingpins', My boyfriend proposed to me the day after he got out of PRISON - we fell in love while he was behind bars. Thatcher has done well in rankings of prime ministers. With money from tax cuts in their pockets, shoppers began to rediscover the "feelgood factor". RELATED10 Sweet Sandwich Recipes (Including Ice Cream Sandwiches! But Mrs. Thatcher is not the only female scientist nominated. Yes. USD/bbl. Mr-Whippy-style soft-serve ice-cream originated in the US about a decade before Thatcher worked at J Lyons, it reports. Few world leaders had tenures as parallel as those of Thatcher and U.S. President Ronald Reagan, whose administration overlapped much of Thatchers premiership. It also broke up what many saw as a gentlemen's club, ruled by restrictive practices. For other inquiries Contact Us. When Reagan died in 2004, Thatcher had retired from public speaking due to a series of strokes. Margaret Roberts became Margaret Thatcher when she married Denis Thatcher in 1951 (they were married for more than 50 years, until his death in 2003). Since the Housing Act came into force, it is estimated that some two million homes have been sold to former council tenants. 1925-1947: Grantham & Oxford Margaret Thatcher at a friend's house, summer 1935. (It is worth noting that there were almost no women and the gentlemen described came from a far wider class base than the phrase suggests.). Mr. McCullough made soft serve in 1938 in Moline, Ill. One August day, he offered it at a friends ice cream shop in Kankakee, Ill., and 1,600 people paid 10 cents for all they could eat of his newfangled treat. Mr. Carvel appears to have stumbled on soft serve about the same time. What's the least amount of exercise we can get away with? Although they never met when either was in power, Thatcher was enraged at the Labour Party governments arrest of Pinochet, who had been seen as an ally against the spread of communism in Latin America and who provided intelligence to Thatchers war room during the Falklands War. Margaret Roberts studied chemistry at Oxford University from 1943 to 1947. (Chris Ware/Getty Images). That meant sheriffs officers coming into your house to value your belongings before arranging a public sale of those goods. The United Kingdom's first female prime minister was one of the most influential and divisive leaders of the 20th century. With the death of Margaret Thatcher came a bizarre claim that she was responsible for the development of one of our favorite summer treats: soft-serve ice cream. He never faced a trial for human rights crimes. 10 Facts You Didnt Know About Queen Elizabeth II. Margaret Thatcher, in full Margaret Hilda Thatcher, Baroness Thatcher of Kesteven, ne Margaret Hilda Roberts, (born October 13, 1925, Grantham, Lincolnshire, Englanddied April 8, 2013, London), British Conservative Party politician and prime minister (1979-90), Europe's first woman prime minister. Her first job was at BX Plastics in Essex. A policy of privatising the UK's large utilities revolutionised share ownership in the UK, and as such it was widely popular with many, though the initiatives also had their critics. Margaret Thatcher, who passed away this morning at 87, was Britain's first female prime minister, a paragon of free-market conservatism, and a good friend of Ronald Reagan. Anyone who has held on to these shares will now have a portfolio that includes a stake in Centrica, BG Group and National Grid. The Nazi army had occupied the country, stripping Jews of their rights, shuttering their businesses, and burning down synagogues. Margaret Thatcher, then known as chemist Margaret Roberts helped turn ice cream into a cheaper dessert by adding air. Wall & Sons, a subsidiary of Unileverwho had to purchase the Mr. Whippy organisation in order to catch up. Lyons-owned Softee and Walls-owned Whippy were rivals, the Coke and Pepsi of British soft-serve. But an article published in the Notes and Records of the Royal Society in 2011and linked to by The Atlantic in its soft-serve posthints at a more political explanation: An oft-told anecdote in British left circles associates Thatcher with the invention of soft ice cream, which added air, lowered quality and raised profits. In other words, it wasnt Thatchers supporters who spread the soft-serve myth; it was the left-wingers, who saw in it a suitable metaphor for her policies. Margaret Thatcher invented Soft Serve Ice Cream. The balance of power in industrial relations had shifted forever. The bank plans to introduce a new 50-pound note the largest and rarest of its regular denominations, worth about $64 in 2020, as part of a program replacing paper bills with sturdier polymer versions. She wore lipstick, smoked cigarettes, and flirted with boys. Read about our approach to external linking. This was half the Argentinean casualties in the war. In 1973, Pinochet, a general, toppled the socialist government of Chile in a coup. By Rebecca Marston, business reporter, BBC News. He also may have enriched himself via tax evasion, arms deals, and embezzlement. With the election of a Conservative government in 1979, Thatcher became the first female prime minister of the UK Privatization. Margaret Thatcher speaks during the Conservative Party . Do Not Sell/Share My Personal Information. The British people still believe in loyalty to their friends., The UK released Pinochet back to Chile on medical grounds in March of 2000. Thatcher, characteristically, would not budge. The Conservative government set about a series of changes to employment and trade union laws, which ended mass picketing, secondary action and the closed shop, where staff had to join a union to get a job. They were encouraged further as credit was unleashed. Instead of a house rate, it was a people rate with a single flat-rate per-capita tax on every adult. Unions insist that the collapse in traditional manufacturing industries during the 1980s did as much to diminish their power. Anyone can read what you share. The Unlikely Myth Of Margaret Thatcher And Soft-Serve Ice Cream, The Rise of Kpop: How a Genre Took over the World. In 1995, two economists calculated the total worth of the assets sold from 1979 through the early 90s, at 45 billion, which is about 87.16 billionor $115 billiontoday. Read about our approach to external linking. This, in turn, unleashed a succession of takeovers by even bigger organisations, the giant American finance houses. Appropriately enough, even her accomplishments in the field of chemistry proved controversial. And it was six years after that, in 1959, that Thatcher was first elected to Parliamentafter 10 years of losses and jockeying for candidacies within the Conservative Party. So what the heck, Britain? By Simon Gompertz, personal finance correspondent, BBC News. Heres one aspect of Margaret Thatchers legacy we can all feel unequivocally good about: The Iron Lady, better known for her bruising political style and free-market views, helped invent soft-serve ice cream as a chemist in the late 1940s. Rather than complete a fight for leadership within her own party, Thatcher conceded her premiership and left Parliament in 1992. Xi Jinping's power grab - and why it matters, Street fighting in Bakhmut but Russia not in control, Russian minister laughed at for Ukraine war claims. the central banks initial list of some 800 names, thorniest legacies of Britains withdrawal from the bloc, is being stymied by his ousted predecessors, some of the worlds first business computers, the address given at her funeral in 2013 by the then bishop of London. The Right to Buy Scheme for council houses was one of Margaret Thatcher's most popular policies. Recipes you want to make. Margaret Thatcher, Britains first female prime minister. Thatcher's chemistry career was relatively short-lived, and in and in 1952 she went back to school to study law. During her years as prime minister, Margaret Thatcher revolutionised the economic fortunes of every person in the UK. She studied chemistry at Oxford and worked for a food company before beginning her political career. Diana Gould, who taught primary school in Cirencester, grilled Thatcher about the sinking of the Belgrano. She ordered the Navy to sink the Argentinean warship ARA General Belgrano, killing 323 onboard. The page was one of the first things to be scrapped by the new government, as the Tories moved to abolish exchange controls. Why did Margaret Thatcher close the mines? In her autobiography, The Path to Power, she reflected that she had made a miscalculation: I learned a valuable lesson. That ice cream would be branded Mr Whippy in the UK, and it spread to other parts of the world from there. In terms of distinction, I think she very much deserves it, he said. 10 Sweet Sandwich Recipes (Including Ice Cream Sandwiches! America's Flavorites. ("I just didn't like staying in the laboratory that long," she once explained. She also researched saponification, a chemical process involved in soap-making. Margaret Thatcher died this morning at the age of 87. It was the most brutal twist in the conflict which defined the Tory Prime Minister's reign and ultimately led to her fall from power. While Thatcher's exact contribution to the effort remains, in a way that would foreshadow her future political career, Despite her work in the field, though, Thatcher didn't love chemistry. At the funeral, she sat next to Gorbachev. Independent Press Standards Organisation (IPSO). The New Yorker: The Margaret Thatcher Soft-Serve Myth Rubbish was piled high in the streets as collections stopped. Margaret Thatcher in 1987. Secret ballots were introduced, as were restrictions on holding legitimate disputes that still rankle with the unions to this day. This service is provided on News Group Newspapers' Limited's Standard Terms and Conditions in accordance with our Privacy & Cookie Policy. What was the poll tax and why did Margaret Thatchers policy start riots in Scotland? While Thatcher's exact contribution to the effort remains, in a way that would foreshadow her future political career, a matter of controversy, her team ultimately succeeded. Denis encouraged Margaret to switch careers -- from chemistry to the field that would prove her real, if not her first, love: the law. To complement Peps, John Major, the last chancellor of the Thatcher era, introduced a tax-free vehicle for cash savings, the Tessa. One year later, Thatcher appeared on the BBC news show Nationwide for an election special. Learn More. Why was the origin of soft-serve ice cream so wrapped up in someone who doesnt really evoke the innocence and simplicity of childhood? British Telecom, British Airways, British Steel, as well as water and electricity firms were among those privatised later. Yet, figures from the Office for National Statistics show that the percentage of the UK stock market owned by UK individuals was higher in the 1960s and 1970s in terms of value, than the 1980s. When Labour came to power in 1997, it reduced the value of such discounts in areas where councils were running short of housing stock. Compensating the victims cost the pensions industry 11bn. Scotland became the first battle ground in the resistance and it was north of the border that the national anti-poll tax movement went about stopping bailiffs and fighting court cases. Few senior trade union figures have commented on the death of Baroness Thatcher. Attention cookie and ice cream lovers - OREO Cookies circle the top of this deliciously frosted cake, drizzled in dark chocolate and edged with a fudge border. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our User Agreement and Privacy Policy and Cookie Statement and Your California Privacy Rights. It's not a day when you lounge around doing nothing; it's a day you've had everything to do and you've done it." Margaret Thatcher tags: accomplishment , achievement , challenge 462 likes Like Thatcher reveled in the designation. As Bruce Bartlett, a former policy adviser to Reagan and George . Mrs Thatcher wanted self-reliance, not reliance on the state. Contrary to some aggrandizing myths, Thatcher did not invent soft serve ice cream while working at J. Lyons. 2023 Cond Nast. By Brian Milligan, personal finance reporter, BBC News. A Spanish judge ordered his arrest for human rights violations and the British government placed him under house arrest. So, partly thanks to Thatcher, your ice cream is now less dense and arguably less delicious. The biggest strike against the story is that soft-serve was already well-known in the US by the time Thatcher supposedly invented it. Perhaps the oddest claim about the legacy of former Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, who died on Monday at the age of eighty-seven, is, in the words of the Washington Post, that she helped invent ice cream as we know it. Soft-serve, specifically. Almost as odd is how frequently versions of the claimwhich range from the baroque (Margaret Thatcher, Baroness of Ice Cream) to the purely declarative (Margaret Thatcher Helped Invent Soft-Serve Ice Cream) to the cautiously arresting (Margaret Thatcher May Have Helped Invent Soft-Serve Ice Cream, emphasis mine)have proliferated online in the hours since her death. As a subscriber, you have 10 gift articles to give each month. AN astonishing 250,000 Scots were served summary warrants in what was the defining moment in Scotland's war with Margaret Thatcher's hated poll tax. Not be confused with the antiquated American voter suppression tactic of charging a tax to vote, the tax was a single payment made by each adult in a jurisdiction to pay for local government services. Peps and Tessas later morphed into individual savings accounts, or Isas, in which Britons have 390bn salted away. AN astonishing 250,000 Scots were served summary warrants in what was the defining momentin Scotlands war with Margaret Thatchers hated poll tax. At best it was a self-regulating club, where bounders could easily be spotted, but at its worst this club fostered insider dealing and share price ramping. Margaret Thatcher helped invent ice cream as we know it, Belarus sentences Nobel Peace laureate Ales Bialiatski to 10 years in jail, This is Bidens chance to press Scholz on Germanys rearmament, Why Russia and Ukraine are fighting over Bakhmut, bruising political style and free-market views. Before she became the "Milk Snatcher," Thatcher found another way to work with dairy. Long before she became prime minister of the United Kingdom, a young Margaret Thatcher was a chemist for . 76.32. There are plans to hold a competition to design the new note, and with only one woman apart from the Queen featured on any of the new polymer notes so far, Guido has made a helpful suggestion in the interests of gender equality, the petition read. Our journalists strive for accuracy but on occasion we make mistakes. While under house arrest in the UK, he received a bottle of liquor from Thatcher and a note reading, Scotch is one British institution that will never let you down., 2023 Minute Media - All Rights Reserved. (Or, if you're in Britain, "soft scoop.") Before Mrs Thatcher arrived at No 10, British passports contained a special page to record the amount of cash travellers took out of the country. Here are 10 things you might not know about Margaret Thatcher. ). Margaret Thatcher helped invent soft-serve ice cream, after earning a chemistry degree at Oxford: Tasked with whipping more air into ice cream, she produced a type of 'soft-scoop'. 679215 Registered office: 1 London Bridge Street, London, SE1 9GF. The preceding Labour government had ended a similar program for older children with little controversy, but the same could not be said for Thatcher. Margaret Thatcher was the Iron Lady who ran Britain from 1979 to 1990, a period in which she defined a generation. The new plans provided a route to save for those who did not have a company scheme. The most visible reform was that traders no longer stalked the floor of the Exchange, animatedly dealing with each other face-to-face. But soft-serve's smooth texture doesn't just come from a temperature difference. Restrictions on hire purchase offers were relaxed, stores offered credit, credit cards boomed. Margaret Thatcher worked as a food scientist, testing cakes and ice cream. The Milk Snatcher, who was also an ice cream inventor. Here's one aspect of Margaret Thatcher's legacy we can all feel unequivocally good about: The Iron Lady, better known for her " bruising political style and free-market views ," helped invent. Cooking advice that works. Members of England's scientific community were none too pleased with her being honored by the Royal Society, "England's premier body of scientists," according to the journal New Scientist. Mr-Whippy-style soft-serve ice-cream originated in the US about a decade before Thatcher worked at J Lyons, it reports. All Rights Reserved. And then, as soft serve is wont to do, it quickly spread. It is, though, as the New Yorker has it, a "frozen-dessert origin myth". More importantly, Mrs. Thatcher paid for her 1979 tax cut by nearly doubling the value-added tax to 15 percent, from 8 percent. But under New Labour, the main planks of the reforms of the Thatcher years remained unchanged. (And so that, additionally, the dairy-y resultcould flow from a machinerather than being scooped by hand.) Nominations for a replacement are open until Dec. 14, but on Monday the bank published the suggestions that had met its basic criteria so far.