how does flak ammunition work how does flak ammunition work

A simulated battle conditions test was started on 12 August 1942. For sale: 88mm - $100,000 - $150,000. Check out the main categories below. It is used in mines and torpedoes. . Bonus Pack. SKU:CO5613468. Facing flak over 'RSS illiterate' remark, Kumar Vishwas issues clarification,In a video, Kumar Vishwas said that he was talking about a boy who works in his office and, coincidentally, is also an RSS worker. A proximity fuze (or fuse) is a fuze that detonates an explosive device automatically when the distance to the target becomes smaller than a predetermined value. Listed is also some of the guns captured from other countries and used by the German armed forces. Optical sensing was developed in 1935, and patented in the United Kingdom in 1936, by a Swedish inventor, probably Edward W. Brandt, using a petoscope. Please see ooredoo . Who does the voice of Vanessa on Phineas and Ferb? [34][37][38] The use of the Doppler effect developed by this group was later incorporated in all radio proximity fuzes for bomb, rocket, and mortar applications. This addon should work if enabled with new game This addon should not work if spawned by "Test Location" Air Force base is the place with many beds in barracks When entering Flak Challenge zone, there will be warning messages before the challenge actually start Stewart pledged his support for Ukraine while visiting a hospital in Essex, England, adding more fighter . Another, is a barometric fuse, a fuse that's triggered when a certian altitude is reach by measuring air pressure. Empyrion - Galactic Survival > General Discussions > Topic Details. A German artillery crew relaxes next to their 88 mm gun. Marines christened their new recruit "Reckless" for the work she would do in resupplying recoilless rifles, known as "reckless rifles" in Marine jargon. Built around a miniature radio transmitter and receiver, the VT fuse overcame the major disadvantage of the time and contact fuses and was capable of detecting its target and detonating within 75 feet. The story mostly centres around the fighter defence and how the F4F Wildcat matched up against the vaunted A6M Zero-sen. It would have never been used in action. When a target was nearby, it would reflect a significant portion of the oscillator's signal. hospital valet job description how does flak ammunition work. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. L/4.5 (Kz.) And with all that jungle, he said nothing shredded them better than Flak fire and napalm fire. It's also against Geneva conversations to use flak guns against infantry. This led me to thinking of how AA guns and defences played a role in the air war over Europe and the Pacific. The guns have a fire rate of 250 shots per minute each, which gives a shot per second value of about 4 per gun. . The same is true of bombers. . (U.S. Navy) It even potentially saved the life of one of its creators, Dr. Van Allen. Some sectioned shells from the First World War. It was lightly armored, but extremely mobile . A time- or height-triggered fuze requires good prediction by the gunner and accurate timing by the fuze. Doppler Radar was able to detect how close objects are to the radio wave source. Both AA guns and the defending fighters played a role in the defence of Guadalcanal. In the post-World War II era, a number of new proximity fuze systems were developed, including radio, optical, and other means. It had a low muzzle velocity and was only accurate to about 200 yards, assuming ammunition was available to fire - which was rarely. the ASRAAM and AA-12 Adder) use lasers to trigger detonation. The probability of a direct hit on a small moving target is low; a shell that just misses the target will not explode. These bombers required repair, causing service rates to fall and thus reducing the number of bombers available for new operations. [40], In the US, NDRC focused on radio fuzes for use with anti-aircraft artillery, where acceleration was up to 20,000g as opposed to about 100g for rockets and much less for dropped bombs. Focused: Has a tighter spread for focusing far-away enemies or tight groups. But what about people. | Latest News India Luckily the much higher altitude B-17s ( which were designed to fly around 30,000 ft and above and a bomb sight that was supposed to work at that level) were friendlys to land at the airbase. The only Allied option was tactical infatry inserted to upset the German air defenses and provide a diversion for the larger forces to come in after. In his words, "The one outstanding characteristic in this situation is the fact that success of this type of fuze is not dependent on a basic technical idea all of the ideas are simple and well known everywhere. There are currently 3 Camps in the game: Camp Liberty, Vanguard Division, and Martyrs Watch. It's hard to hit a fast moving target with a bullet, which is why they use shotguns with shot ammo with a lot of small pellets inside to hunt birds, to basically have the bird fly through a rain of pellets, ensuring that at least one hits it. A great little gun that packs 10+1 rounds of 9mm and features a 3.4" barrel - perfect for our carry gun test. . For a side-by-side comparison of all weapons, see the Weapons page! It was from the cannon shells and incendiary bullets that had hit my machineBullets were going between my legs, and I remember seeing a bright flash of an incendiary bullet going past my leg into the gas tankThen a little red tongue licked out inquiringly from under the gas tank in front of my feet and became a hot little bonfire in one corner of the cockpit.". Pilots were permitted to deploy them against only zeppelins and balloons. The Fabricated Sniper Rifle is a ranged weapon, a more advanced version of the Longneck Rifle. Ammunition. Flak is defined as the bursting shells shot at aircraft from enemy guns on the ground, or criticism or opposition. Incendiary ammunition is a type of ammunition that contains a chemical that, upon hitting a hard obstacle, has the characteristic of causing fire/setting flammable materials in the vicinity of the impact on fire. Any analysis that does not examine all components of the system, and acknowledge that interference with any part of it can sharply reduce its effectiveness, is incomplete. For smaller artillery, anything except a direct hit often killed very few or nobody if the soldiers were in cover. In 1944 the battleship USS Missouri bristled with twenty 5 inch, eighty 40mm and over forty-nine 20mm cannon. Ammunition is used by Weapons, Vehicles, and player manned defenses. Incendiary projectiles, in particular those intended for armor penetration, are more effective if they explode after penetrating a surface layer, such that they explode inside the target. Change), You are commenting using your Twitter account. Its interesting that we continue to use the term todaycatching flak at the office as one example., Flak in the Second World War was very effective. The different roles that artillery ammunition has had to fill on the battlefield has led to many different designs and types of ammunition, some of which are discussed here And while artillery has been used by armies for hundreds of years, this article focuses on "modern" ammunition (post-1870). Aircraft shot down or damaged was a bonus. As the missile cruises towards its target the laser energy simply beams out into space. Two of the four tubes in the VT fuze were used to detect, filter, and amplify this low frequency signal. The tables below give the armor penetration figures of the most common German guns used during the Second World War. Regular $179.99 (Save $50.00) $129.99. The 128mm FlaK 40 was one of the largest anti-aircraft weapon systems employed by the Germans in World War 2. His in-depth and comprehensive study of German flak defences clearly showed how effective they really were. Great story. Heaven High, Hell Deep 1917-1918, Normal Archibald, "The Battle of Britain: Armament of the Competing Fighters", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Incendiary_ammunition&oldid=1134758731, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2021, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 20 January 2023, at 13:29. Throw a couple hundred of em into the air and theyll do work. But this was a false metric. When the Allies began to use the term is not known. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. More American 8th Air Force aces were shot down by flak than enemy fighters.. Log in or Sign up to interact with the community. Fine condition. [41] In addition to extreme acceleration, artillery shells were spun by the rifling of the gun barrels to close to 30,000 rpm, creating immense centrifugal force. A ship's propeller rotating in water produces a powerful hydroacoustic noise which can be picked up using a hydrophone and used for homing and detonation. The most common type of shell contains shotround pellets of lead or steelinstead . It also left a characteristic black cloud hanging in the sky. The US found that flak that was high generally caused some damage to bombers but was far less likely to shoot them down than flak that was low. Some naval mines use pressure fuzes which are able to detect the pressure wave of a ship passing overhead. amtifo backup camera troubleshooting. [29] As Tuve later put it in an interview: "We heard some rumors of circuits they were using in the rockets over in England, then they gave us the circuits, but I had already articulated the thing into the rockets, the bombs and shell. One of them was an anti-aircraft shell that had spring-loaded wings that would pop out and slice through enemy aircraft. 56/57 single axle ammunition trailer towed by late war self-propelled Flak guns. They project narrow beams of laser light perpendicular to the flight of the missile. @JeremyECrawford already have a question. Flak, or Fliegerabwehrkanone, works by arming artillery class cannons for the use of Anti-Air duties. Items that can be anointed include weapons, shields, and grenade mods. Definitions of flak . An American team under Admiral Harold G. Bowen, Sr. correctly deduced that the tubes were meant for experiments with proximity fuzes for bombs and rockets. An example of flak is the exploding ammunition that can damage a military plane when flying over enemy territory. The versatile 88mm cannon was Germany's main heavy antiaircraftor flakgun during World War II. The US found that flak that was high generally caused some damage to bombers but was far less likely to shoot them down than flak that was low. navigation search. They made the Allied heavy artillery far more devastating, as all the shells now exploded just before hitting the ground. They were widely used by Germany throughout the war. [28], Prior to and following receipt of circuitry designs from the British, various experiments were carried out by Richard B. Roberts, Henry H. Porter, and Robert B. Brode under the direction of NDRC Section T Chairman Merle Tuve. It took away from the narrative of how successful the Allied bombing campaign was and the heavy price they paid. Allied AA defenses were also effective, one example being the battles against the V-1 flying bombs and the fact that they chose to defend Antwerp against the V-1 using AA guns along is testament to their effectiveness. it's only used against airborne targets a cloud of tiny pellets "Shrapnel" shells, named for their inventor, are used to kill people with bits of metal even when those people are hiding behind walls, in a trench, etc. ; "Precision Radar,", Smith, Peter C. Kamikaze: To Die for the Emperor. Proximity fuzes are designed for targets such as planes, missiles, ships at sea, and ground forces. By rejecting non-essential cookies, Reddit may still use certain cookies to ensure the proper functionality of our platform. .. undamaged item (including handmade items). (LogOut/ Both are surrounded by an oval oak leaf wreath. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". Most, if not all, of the histories deal with the great air battles strictly in terms of aircraft vs. aircraft; the great fighter aces and how many bombers were shot down by Spitfires, Bf 109s, Fw 190s and Me 110 and Ju 88 night-fighters. ", Oruzhiye Podvodnogo Udara (Underwater Weapons), "The Development of the Radio Proximity Fuze", Naval Historical Centre Radio Proximity (VT) Fuzes, The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proximity_fuze&oldid=1141413451, It was important in defense from Japanese, It was an important part of the radar-controlled anti-aircraft batteries that finally neutralized the German, This page was last edited on 24 February 2023, at 23:27. Exiting that black smoke is the invisible shrapnel that will hit the aircraft. Therefore, their speed is much lower and this makes them less dangerous to those on the ground. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrapnel_shell. Welcome to the WWII Forums! Like other Turrets, Periscopes are typically used to aim and fire Coilguns. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. Automatic fuze setters were used as an 88 could fire 15-20 shells per minute and even the 128mm could manage 12 per minute. The Japanese did not develop a robust AA defensive system. Before that, they can be purchased from the vending machine outside Crazy . Their first project was a revival of their original work on coast defense, but they were soon told to start a second project to develop a range-only radar to aid anti-aircraft guns.[23]. unopened, unused, Kit: UPC: : Does not apply . ][clarification needed] radio doppler proximity fuze, which employed the Doppler effect of reflected radio waves using a diode detector arrangement that they devised. This signal is sent through a band-pass filter, amplified, and triggers the detonation when it exceeds a given amplitude. Magnetic sensing can only be applied to detect huge masses of iron such as ships. [48] Testing also occurred at Aberdeen Proving Ground in Maryland, where about 15,000 bombs were fired. Weapons and Ammunition. Upon being triggered, the thyratron conducted a large current that set off the electrical detonator. Nickel construction with gold gilt high lights. Firing pin: Strikes the back of the flare and causes it to explode and shoot off down the barrel. Bullet 50 feet from the plane? 2,4 or 10m (7,13 or 33ft)] above ground that are selected by gun crews. Work was split in 1942, with Tuve's group working on proximity fuzes for shells, while the National Bureau of Standards researchers focused on the technically easier task of bombs and rockets. Proximity fuzes fitted to such weapons as artillery and mortar shells solve this problem by having a range of set burst heights [e.g. Combat Extended adds a plethora of new features to the game, many of which are not immediately apparent. Wooden precise replica of the German 88mm anti-aircraft FlaK guns and Tiger-I ammunition - 8.8cm Sprgr.Patr. The United States Navy accepted that failure rate. I'm glad that diagram depicted a goose, I hope it was Canadian. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. Flak is a contraction of German Flugabwehrkanone (also referred to as Fliegerabwehrkanone) meaning "aircraft-defense cannon", the original purpose of the weapon. Is Wolfram|Alpha just an online equation solver. Like its World War II namesake, the Flakpanzer 38 (t), the Gepard was based on the hull of an existing tank. Garrisoned defenses do not need ammunition. The amplitude of the reflected signal corresponded to the closeness of the target. Most of the official Allied histories downplayed its role. Ammunition available: HE-T, HE-I, HEI-T, AP-T, Minengescho, Stielgranate Flak as we know it ( the exploding ordinance variety ) works by using fuses. In many ways the term gun-laying was a misnomer when applied to the GL I. As Flak existed in the twentieth century, no, however, a modern equivalent of the radar guided air defense gun is deployed widely by all major militaries. Fuze assembly was completed at General Electric plants in Schenectady, New York and Bridgeport, Connecticut. <br /> They never pooled their resources, instead each would go their own way, often siting individual radars in the same place., Two myths about flak: one it was not very effective, from an Allied point of view, and second the Allied bombing campaign against Germany created a second front siphoning off thousands of men to man the guns and robbing the German army of valuable men. U.S. General George S. Patton credited the introduction of proximity fuzes with saving Lige and stated that their use required a revision of the tactics of land warfare. Each ammo type may or may not stack in player's inventory depending on their uniform, and in vehicle or structure's inventory depending on their type. There was a reason the official histories downplayed the effectiveness of German flak. This gun served as the main armament of the Tiger I heavy tank. You measure the distance to the target, set the shell for that distance (or a few meters behind), and aim above the target. British military researchers at the Telecommunications Research Establishment (TRE) Samuel C. Curran, William A. S. Butement, Edward S. Shire, and Amherst F. H. Thomson conceived of the idea of a proximity fuze in the early stages of World War II. Flak as used in the second world war is a larger shell that when fired, travels to the target area and explodes within its In World War Ii How Did Flak Work? On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. [10] These included acoustic fuzes triggered by engine sound, one based on electrostatic fields developed by Rheinmetall Borsig, and radio fuzes. Shrapnel wounds became so common that eventually any wound from a metal fragment tended to be called "shrapnel" in general: from hang grenades, from debris thrown by an explosion, etc. Some of these guns saw limited use. This problem was resolved by taking advantage of the change in frequency of the reflected signal. Over the course of the German V-1 campaign, the proportion of flying bombs flying through the coastal gun belt that were destroyed rose from 17% to 74%, reaching 82% during one day. The explosive power, coupled with the flash on impact which guided their aim, was much appreciated by pilots. A cartridge for a shotgun is called a shell. This is the standard high-explosive type ordnance initially designed for the German 88mm FlaK cannons in the early period of WW2, and then successfully used by the later tank KwK.36 cannons too, in the period 1933-45. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Cheney_hunting_incident. Before you . The shell detonates and sends a flurry of ball bearings and shrapnel in all directions. I once interviewed a WWII flak veteran, who talked about how they used their cannons against enemy infantry and soon, that became a more common use of their cannons than actually firing at airplanes. This permitted the purchase of over 22 million fuzes for approximately one billion dollars ($14.6 billion in 2021 USD[51]). Ignition is often delayed by varying means until after impact. Why do I stay the same weight no matter what I do? This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. When an 88 shell hit directly, it often completely destroyed a bomber. For security reasons, and to confuse the enemy, it was initially called 'de Wilde' ammunition, even though the design was almost entirely different from the original version. While no one invention won the war, the proximity fuze must be listed among the very small group of developments, such as radar, upon which victory very largely depended. Pen and Sword, 2014, p.42, Last edited on 24 February 2023, at 23:27, Telecommunications Research Establishment, The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Lab, was received by British Intelligence as part of the Oslo Report, Office of Scientific Research and Development, Allied technological cooperation during World War II, "Allen V. Astin Is Dead at 79; Headed Bureau of Standards", The Proximity Fuse - Secret Weapon of World War 2, Critical Challenge: A History of the Proximity Fuze presented, Anti-Aircraft Radio Proximity Fuze (19391942) (conceptual and prototype design work), "Historic Properties Report: Harry Diamond Laboratories, Maryland and Satellite Installations Woodbridge Research Facility, Virginia and Blossom Point Field Test Facility, Maryland", "Request for information about the Isleta Pueblo Ordnance Impact Area", "Calculate the Value of $1.00 in 1945. That means the fuse was outperforming traditional rounds three to one in routine combat conditions. When the flak batteries pinpointed an aircraft the guns were fired in salvos designed to burst in a sphere of 60 yards in diameter in which it was hoped to entrap the target. Thank you. The pin and catch are not present. The reverse side is maker marked 'A' for the manufacturing firm of Assmann. The bullets were at first scarce, and as a result, a mix of ball, AP, Mk IV incendiary tracer and Mk VI incendiary were used until production increased to sufficient levels. There are 4 types of Flak Cannon ammunition: Explosive: Base ammo. The flak also blew up the trees, which created additional deadly shrapnel. Radio frequency sensing (radar) is the main sensing principle for artillery shells. I would point to the Luftwaffe flak defenses of the Ruhr, their larger cities like Berlin and their oil refineries. Physicorium: good all-rounder against unarmored targets, has almost twice the standard damage. This allowed for aiming at night and in bad weather.. "[32], A key improvement was introduced by Lloyd Berkner, who developed a system using separate transmitter and receiver circuits. To craft you need a weapons box and some materials (Iron, wood, and gunpowder mostly). This doesnt take into account the number of aircraft that were severely damaged by flak.. Click to subscribe! The 3D kit is a Sondernhnger Sd. The 88 mm gun (eighty-eight) was a German anti-aircraft and anti-tank artillery gun from World War II. The main targets for these proximity fuze detonated bombs and rockets were anti-aircraft emplacements and airfields.[62]. Front shows a flak 88 artillery gun in the center with a German eagle clutching a swastika in his talons at the top. This is particularly dangerous when they strike flammable substances or dry brush. What were the big innovations in AAA in WW2? This pattern changes with shrinking distance: every half wavelength in distance (a half wavelength at this frequency is about 0.7meters), the transmitter is in or out of resonance. All ammunition types are produced at Factories or Mass Production Factories. Despite intense work by the Germans to finish the project, it was finally put out of action by a raid on 6 July 1944 before a single shell . Others, such as the Czechoslovak 37 mm and 47 mm guns and the Russian . It was understood that the limited application was not ideal; a proximity fuze would be useful on all types of artillery and especially anti-aircraft artillery, but those had very high accelerations. How did flak guns work in WW2? Change), You are commenting using your Facebook account. Regular $49.99 (Save $15.00) In response to OPs question, the answer involves the invention of Radar. Measures 1 5/8 inches wide by 2 1/8 inches tall. I can't remember where I read it now but in the early days of World War Two, the British Air Ministry was deluged with well-meaning crackpot ideas. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". It was the invention of the VT radar proximity fuse. The result was a heterodyne beat frequency which corresponded to the velocity difference. Therefore, their speed is much lower and this makes them less dangerous to those on the ground. Press question mark to learn the rest of the keyboard shortcuts. Reverse is maker marked S.H.u.Co. They were not nearly as effective at puncturing bomber aircraft as armor-piercing bullets, but were far more effective than standard bullets because they could also ignite fuel if they came into contact with a fuel tank or pipeline. Acting like a normal bullet in flight, then after a short delay, it will explode into 5 more bullets. [35][36] On 6 May 1941, the NBS team built six fuzes which were placed in air-dropped bombs and successfully tested over water. From left to right: 90 mm shrapnel shell, 120 mm pig iron incendiary . Flak can refer to criticism or worse, explosive shells from an antiaircraft weapon. AA guns are actually rather effective against soft ground targets, too. Flash Sale. [64] [65], During WW2, the Germans had at least five acoustic fuzes for anti-aircraft use under development, though none saw operational service. A common form used in modern air-to-air weapons uses a laser as an optical source and time-of-flight for ranging. A particularly successful application was the 90mm shell with VT fuze with the SCR-584 automatic tracking radar and the M-9 electronic fire control computer. Models & Kits; Military; Dnepro Model DM3518-1/35 German 88mm FLAK 36 ammo ammo box scale model kit. Influence firing mechanisms often use a combination of acoustic and magnetic induction receivers. Having a flexible doctrine, the Germans used their anti-aircraft pieces in ground support . This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Shorter barrel, a little less velocity, and a good bit more stress on hollow point performance through barriers. We directly support the repository at WW2.ORG, and several other worthwhile projects that add to the historical record. While it doesn't do as much damage per shot as the Longneck (165 damage compared to the Longneck's 280) it can be fired 8 times before needing to be reloaded. There are two basic ways to do that, make the shell explode at the time when it is near the target, or make it explode when the shell is simply near the target. Flash Sale. All of these earlier methods have disadvantages. How effective was it in WW2? Use a gun. Because that flak did not actually "miss." By means of its fuzing, it exploded close enough to the aircraft to send an unseen shower of a thousand metal fragments flying out of it and into the aircraft. Working with Western Electric Company and Raytheon Company, miniature hearing-aid tubes were modified to withstand this extreme stress. [5] This was adopted by British forces as the 0.303 Incendiary B Mark VI. They provide a more sophisticated trigger mechanism than the common contact fuze or timed fuze. In order to be used with gun projectiles, which experience extremely high acceleration and centrifugal forces, the fuze design also needed to utilize many shock hardening techniques. Note here that the amplitude of this low frequency 'beat' signal corresponds to the amplitude of the signal reflected from the target. The details of the British experiments were passed to the United States Naval Research Laboratory and National Defense Research Committee (NDRC). [ 12 August 2002, 09:22 AM: Message edited by: Martin Bull ], [ 12 August 2002, 04:29 PM: Message edited by: Martin Bull ], [ 13 August 2002, 12:48 PM: Message edited by: Martin Bull ], (You must log in or sign up to reply here. After that a fresh shot could be positioned in a more favorable position by possibly a telescopic actuator using the gas compressed previously. As opposed to earlier designs, the B Mark VI was a true incendiary rather than tracer ammunition. [68], During WW2, pressure activated fuzes were developed for sticks (or trains) of bombs to create above ground airbursts. When an 88mm projectile exploded at altitude, it sent out jagged metal fragments that tore through nearby aircraft. NOTE: Click on images to view larger size. Our aviation shop ishereand our Twitter account here@Hush_Kit. One hopes that they were prepared for a . The one on your picture is either 2 or 3. But that number is misleading. They were used in land-based artillery in the South Pacific in 1944. The obvious choice would be the Luftwaffes AA defenses, but I would point to the US Navys development of the VT fuse or radar equipped proximity fuse. Work on the radio shell fuze was completed by Tuve's group, known as Section T, at The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Lab (APL). New comments cannot be posted and votes cannot be cast. These guns have enough damage potential to down a single-engine aircraft with a single shot, with 2 or 3 needed to down larger aircraft. [10], The National Defense Research Committee assigned the task to the physicist Merle A. Tuve at the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism. View Coupon. Tanks and armor couldnt maneuver through the forest, and the Germans had secured all the roads. A contact fuze would explode when it hit the ground; it would not be very effective at scattering shrapnel. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously.